Tuesday, 5 May 2015

Identifying Plastics

http://www.modernplastics.com/how_to_identify_plastics.htm

How to Identify Plastics

Here is a preliminary guide that will help you to identify many of the basic types of plastics using simple techniques and readily available tools. Naturally, these tests should be used only for tentative identification because some complex plastic compounds require a rigorous analysis for identification.

To initially determine whether a material is thermoset or thermoplastic, heat a stirring rod (to about 500°F/260°C, the material is a thermoplastic; if not, it is probably a thermoset.

Next, hold the sample to the edge of a flame until it ignites. (Hold in the flame for about 10 seconds if no flame is produced immediately.) If the material burns, note the nature of the smoke, the presence of soot in the air and, if while burning, the sample drips.

Next, extinguish the flame and cautiously smell the fumes. (In identifying the odor, a known sample is most helpful for comparison.) Finally, check your observations against the known characteristics of each plastic given on page 93. Once you have made a tentative identification, it is usually desirable to make one additional test to confirm the results of the original identification. Remember additives may affect results; for example, flame retardants would mask the polymer's normal burning characteristics.

Materials	No Flame	Burns, but Extinguishes on Removal of Flame Source			Continues to Burn after removal of Flame Source				Remarks
Materials	Odor	Odor	Color of Flame	Drips	Odor	Color of Flame	Drips	Speed of Burning	Remarks
THERMOPLASTICS
ABS		Acrid	Yellow, blue edges	No	Acrid	Yellow, blue edges	Yes	Slow	Black smoke with soot in air
Acetals	-	-	-	-	Formaldehyde	Blue, no smoke	Yes	Slow
Acrylics	-	-	-	-	Fruity	Blue, yellow tip	No (cast) Yes (molded)	Slow	Flame may spurt if rubber modified
Cellulosics
Acetate	-	Vinegar	Yellow with sparks	No	Vinegar	Yellow	Yes	Slow	Flame may spark
Acetate Butyrate	-	-	-	-	Rancid butter	Blue, yellow tip	Yes	Slow	Flame may spark
Ethyl Cellulose	-	-	-	-	Burnt sugar	Yellow, blue edges	Yes	Rapid	-
Nitrate	-	-	-	-	camphor	White	No	Rapid	-
Propionate	-	-	-	-	Burnt sugar	Blue, yellow tip	Yes	Rapid	-
Chlorinated Polyether	-		Green, yellow tip	No	-	-	-	-	Black smoke with soot in air
Fluorocarbons
FEP	Faint odor of burnt hair	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Deforms; no combustion, but drips
PRTFE	Faint odor of burnt hair	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Deforms; does not drip
CTFE	faint odor of acetic acid	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Deforms; no combustion, but drips
PVF	acidic	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Deforms
Nylons
Type 6	-	-	-	-	Burnt wool	Blue, yellow tip	Yes	Slow	-
Type 6/6	-	Burnt wool or hair	Blue, yellow tip	Yes	-	-	-	Slow	More rigid than Type 6 nulon
Phenoxies	-	Acrid^d	Yellow^c	No^c	Acrid^d	Yellow^d	Yes^d	Slow^d	Black smoke with soot in air
Polycarbonates	-	Faint, sweet aromatic ester	Orange	Yes	-	-	-	-	Black smoke with soot in air
Polyethylenes	-	^-	-	-	Paraffin	Blue, yellow tip	Yes	Slow	Floats in water
Polyphenylene
Oxides (PPO)	-	Phenol	Yellow-orange	No	-	-	-	-	Flame spurts; very difficult to ignite
Modified Grade	-	Phenol	Yellow-orange	No	-	-	-	-	flame spurts; difficult to ignite, soot in air
Polyimides	^b	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Chars; material very rigid
Polypropylenes	-	Acrid^a	Yellow^a	Yellow^a	Sweet	Blue, yellow tip	Yes	Slow	Floats in water; more difficult to scratch than polyethylene
Polystyrenes	-	-	-	-	Illuminating Gas	Yellow	Yes	Rapid	Dense black smoke with soot in air
Polysulfones	-	^b	Orange	Orange	-	-	-	-	Black smoke
Polyurethanes	-	-	-	-	^b	Yellow	No	Slow	Black smoke

Vinyls Flexible	-	Hydrochloric acid	Yellow with green spurts	No	-	-	-	-	Chars, melts
Rigid	-	Hydrochloric acid	Yellow with green spurts	No	-	-	-	-	Chars, melts
Polyblends
ABS/Polycarbonate	-	-	-	-	^b	Yellow, blue edges	No	-	Black smoke with soot in air
ABS/PVC	-	Acrid	Yellow, blue edges	No	-	-	-	-	Black smoke with soot in air
PVC/Acrylic	-	Fruity	Blue, yellow tip	No	-	-	-	-
THERMOSETS
Alkyds	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Diallyl Phthalates	-	-	-	-	Phenolic	Yellow	No	Slow	Black smoke, cracks
Diglycol Carbonate	-	-	-	-	Acrid	Yellow	No	Slow	Black smoke with soot
Epoxies	-	-	-	-	Phenol	Black smoke	No	Slow	Black smoke with soot in air
Melamines	Formaldehyde and fish		-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Phenolics	Formaldehyde and phenol^c	Phenol and wood or paper^d	Yellow^d	No	-	-	-	-	May crack
Polyesters	-	Hydrochloric acid^a	Yellow^a	No^a	^b	Yellow, blue edges	No	Slow	Cracks and breaks
Silicones	^b	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Deforms
Ureas	Formaldehyde	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

^a Flame retardant ^b Nondescript ^c Inorganic filler ^d Organic filler

Ref: Materials Engineering, Penton/IPC, Cleveland, Ohio

Friday, 1 May 2015

Windows 10 apps in HoloLens look amazing and completely ridiculous

http://www.theverge.com/2015/4/29/8513561/microsoft-hololens-apps-build-2015

Getting Better 3D Prints

http://support.3dverkstan.se/article/30-getting-better-prints

Getting better prints

This page is meant to give a few tips that may help you improve your prints or just be helpful in general. Before reading this page it might be a good idea to check out our Visual troubleshooting guide. That page goes through some of the most common problems you might encounter. There will be a fair bit of overlap between this page and the troubleshooting guide as some of these tips are shared on that page to deal with actual problems. Think of these guides as problem fixing versus fine tuning.

If you've been printing for a while you'll likely already know most of the things mentioned in this document. But if you're new to 3D printing the tips here could be of great help.

It should also be noted that this page is skewed towards the Ultimaker2 using PLA filament, and cura as the slicer. A lot of the information here applies in other situations as well however.

Here's a list of links to the different sections in this document. We would recommend that you read through it all though as 3D printing is a complex process where a combination of settings and "tricks" is often needed for the best result.